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Consulate of the Sea
The Consulate of the Sea ((カタルーニャ語、バレンシア語:Consolat de mar); , ) was a quasi-judicial body set up in the Crown of Aragon, later to spread throughout the Mediterranean basin, to administer maritime and commercial law. The term may also refer to a celebrated collection of maritime customs and ordinances in Catalan, also known in English as ''The Customs of the Sea'', compiled over the 14th and 15th centuries and published at Barcelona in or before 1494.
In the 21st century, the Catalan term ''Consolat de mar'' is used for a commercial arbitration service operated by the Barcelona Chamber of Commerce, and also for a series of trade-promotion offices operated by the city of Barcelona.
==Medieval institution==
The Catalan institution can be traced to the grant of the ''Carta Consular'' to the city of Barcelona by James I of Aragon in 1258.〔Art. 21, (Barcelona Maritime Code of 1258 ).〕 This gave Barcelona merchants the right to settle their commercial disputes without interference from the royal courts: in return, the king received much needed financial support for his wars of expansion. Mercantile Law (''ius mercadorium'') was becoming established at the same time through much of Europe, and similar bodies had already been established in Messina (first third of the 13th century) and Genoa (1250).〔Moliné y Brasés (1914).〕
As the territories of the Crown of Aragon expanded, it was customary to establish new Consulates of the Sea in the major ports. One of the earliest was in Valencia (1283), where the charter of Peter III of Aragon makes it clear that disputes are to be settled "according to maritime customs, as these are accepted in Barcelona."
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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